^ ` `(V/(.~( ~ ` `~V8^ ~%(^ </// %/< We cannot think anything unlogical, for otherwise we should have to think unlogically. ^<^.` ` 3:/V^ `/^~ (~<(^ V `(%C `g8C ~~< ~~<~.` G(G^ ^<< `^< ` ^ 3%008Bg0B0 / ` BBB0B0Bg88G%/ ~ ^ <% `X <V000g88g0V ` ^ 8B00$000B000B0 ^` ^< :V` `g0000000000BB00 <.`:~^ ^^` <~ `~<<< ` ~^ V/ ^/ `<~<( <^.V<X` ` X0BBC 80$(Either a thing has properties which no other has, and then one can distinguish it straght away from the others by a description and refer to it; or, on the other hand, there are several things which have the totality of their properties in common, and then it is quite impossible to point to any one of them. /$3%8g$GCXCV8%0%8gCG0/^X ^ `:X/(8$%8(/3@%@@C0$$$@@$@@@@@ /G$%8g@3XCC8/CV `<XVVG <^X/V/V/X%0$0X@$$$B$B@@@$@@ /8@8B3g%3VX// <` ` <X@00$$$B@$@@$ Vg83B%%V :X@%@@$@@@@$% 8V<%//8VXX$$^ <X/B@@@@@@@VGg ``/CG33X/$$ .8GB$8$$@$$@X<~ 8.383G3G3@@ <G0gg$@8$$$$$X%$ .(33G8VXCVX3X </G8g@%@$0G00g0%<<~ < `GCVC ` `XX%/XVg88V0C8G0$0B@(<<~ / VVCV//VXgG83BB@@@$@(<(< / < `/ <30gV8Gg3B00BgB%B@$:(<< ^ C` C303X3%0B8$BBBB$0@(<<< < ` 3 `` 3 VXVV/g8%%30080@$@$(::( ~ <^ ` ~<g%/G3B0%0$B00$Gg/<(< ~ (` ` g388%$0gXg8B$B8$$C((< ^ <` ` ` G8B%C00GC0000 `VC<(( ` . ` ` ` ``^ 0B$$$%B$00$Bg `<<(/< ^ (` ` ` `^ <$g$08$0$0$@0C .~<(// . `^^` ` `^.^^ ($@B0Bg@0$0BB. ^^<(<( <<~<<<` ^/^.`` ^~^ $$$0$g0gBB@B$< <<((X/ ^<~<</` ^<</^~^.` ^^^ X0<$$$$B@@$@$B <<///( V The applied, thought, propositional sign, is the thought. ` <C``. <<<:3~^^^<<<</ 0B8/(X@@@8B@$$/ (<//VC ``:3^^` <<<~<((<< ^0$0C /@$$g$@$$< ``((/XV/ ``X8^^^ /<<<<<((/^ CXB$$B$0 (/@$@$$$@$(` ``V(/XX3 `^/8<~~` ^<^.`8/<~<((/V88( `XB3BG$$B(``X@@@0$@@B^~^^:%XXV3V ^^V%(<<~ <~^<<g//<<<(C30%08@B$8C30G800B08@@B$$@$$@^^^<@@@B@@$B^^^^/VVXX%C (<Vg<<((` :<^^^XX/(<</XV0B0$$@B0080$0@gB0%$@$@@$$@8^^<<@$@$@@@@^^<<VVVV%%C <The substance of the world can only determine a form and not any material properties. For these are first presented by the propositions -- first formed by the configuration of the objects.
Two objects of the same logical form are -- apart from their external properties -- only differentiated from one another in that they are different. The thought contains the possibility of the state of affairs which it thinks.
What is thinkable is also possible.
```````^``^.````^^^^^^^^<<<<<<(<<<<(<:< :/(//////(/////(((<<<<<<^<<<8 ``````````.````````.^V@G%<^^^~^^<<<<<<<~<<<< (/((/(/(((((<(:::<<<<<<<^^^~% ` `` ` `````/@$80G@$$X8$^^^~<~<~~~<~<^ An a priori true thought would be one whose possibility guaranteed its truth.lt;^^^^^~^^^<~^ <:::<:(<<<<<<<<<<<<^<~<^^^^~% ^@G88@$%3G80@%g$%^^^^^^^^^^~^ <<<<<:<<<<<<<<<<<<<<~~^^^(0@@@@@@V` %088$@B3X/%$@@8@0<^^^^^^^^^^^ ~<<<<<<<<<&~X@@@@@@@@@0@C X08G@$$@@g$$@@g%G<^^^^^^^^^^. &X3B@@@%%/<^ `8gG$@$8B0@$0@g00.^.```.^^^^^ ^<<^<^^~^^^^~^^^^^^^<V@@$@@0($/<8$@@@%G%%%V833gggB$%3@$$8G@$03%%G%GGGg0gB% ^~^<^^^~~^^^^^^^^^^^<@@@@@@@%/@%$%0@@@G%%%8%G8%GgG@G@@8%$8@$3G%8%%%%G%%G%8 ^^^^^^^^^^``..^^..^^8@@@$@8X//C(%330@$<^^^^^^^^^$G@@@%%G8@@%G%%G%%%%%%%3G% ^^^^^^^^^`^^^`````^g@@$@@@8(/VVC%3X$@@@^.^`.^^.^^(@@@$0B$@g<<<<<~<<^^/V%33 .^^^^^`^.`.``.```.`<@@@@@@C/X8338BV@@@@^^`^^^^^^^0%B@3X3@B$@<<<<<<~^^/V3CX ^^`^^^^^.``.```^`</@@@8@0@@08V<<V$@@gB@:^^`^^`<@X(XVG3//G$XV/G@3~<^^^/XXV3 `.`...``````.```C^3@@0@@@@@BG0$$@g@@@@@@^^$@(V///VVCVVVVV%X(/X(VVVVX$@gG33 `^````````````^$$@@@@g@8@@@8(((0@@@@@@@@VVXV//X:/(V/(CV/V(//%V///%(///V<G8 .```````````%@@$8$@@@@$8$~ B(/B8$@@@@@XCV/////////VV%V(VC/(((C((/:VXV/(3% `.` ````````$~ ^ @$ ` ^V@$@$@@g<</(/V(X/(/VXC/////(X/X/%/<(~^^/XG ` ` ``` /$ 0< (G%$@@%0@$0<(//<///(///V3<V/XX(((/(/:(<3%/(% ````` `%$ 8G8@0G%@G@@03X<(/<//X(V(/VC(/(<///(</((`/<//V `` XB ($@$%G$0@@BB<3@$0$C08<////((VG<X<(/(//((V<^//V<<<C ` @ 3@08g~%%$@@B@ ^@BGGg0g/(X</XV3VC(/</<((//(/:<<X/<^ $ @@GB0^g8B@@@ (B8B0$((</(/(3(X/X/(<<(<//(~~`.//. @ ` %B$BgB 0B@0@^G@<.`^(g0Bgg(<^V~/</%(/(//:((/<//(/<<(:< @ `%BBB8%.8(@3` .` <<0`<%@V@//<(~X~//C//(:/X(X</^/C<%((V $( g GGg$%%` X/C^ `^<.~3@CG%XX(`<<///V</((/<V//(^</</^< B( ` @ ( G08%8/ / @< ../(V<^B00V/X/((//X/X/CX((((/X<</(~<V(/ $X $ 0 8@gG/ 0:^ `XG3G$/(/V(<3/3C%(/((<<^(%/%<(///// Either a thing has properties which no other has, and then one can distinguish it straght3 C$<^` Two objects of the same logical form are -- apart from their external properties -- only differentiated from one another in that they are different. ```< /XV3/%3B<<^^( `((X `.`^< ^<<(X/.^<</38GBg$G8X^/X/(((<(<^/ `` `` `` /(/<^</<< ^^`^~^(%/(CV^V/~<`</</(V(8 ` ` `` ``%0$8/ ^/ (<^.^<<<~<<%VXX<~<:<<~3/V ` <@@@0 ` (<<<^X<V/$//((<X((/((38@ ` `` ~%@% ~ XXC V<(<<(:@8//(V/<V<(///%3/ `` `` /380G% % ^X X:8GG8<(:(^X^:(/((/X3333 `.`` `C/X8GV0 <3C<(/((XX<<<^:^</(<%%CG `````$<<^^^^^ < V`<:(/VX/G/<</<^^<(%33V The proposition determines a place in logical space: the existence of this logical place is guaranteed by the existence of the consituent parts alone, by the existence of the significant proposition. ```.`.G ``^0(^^^``^ </(V/:((/X(X/(<<(/83%C .`^.``3 ^`^0<<<^^% V<~(</(((/(XX/~<</%C%V `^^`^`C ~`3C~~^^^ `^^/gC(C(<%//VX((/V(<(GGG3 .^`^^^C <`%(~<<^^^~` (^` <<</BVC~C/((VV((/(X<((XCGC ^~^^^^V ^`C/<<^^<^^^^^^G<^```^^ <^(/BXX((/VXX/(/X/^^X%CC3C ^^^^^^X ^`<(<(<<<^^^~<<((<^````^< ~~(X@V/(/(X(/X//(X^~/V3%3C ^^~^<~V ^`^B(<:<<~<<<^~ `(<^````^<( <<X8G(V//(/X/V(^(3^~XVG83C ~(<<<<V ^^^/V/<<:<<(~</ ` X<^^^^`~((` `<(VgX//VV(X(V(///8<^V3%3%C 3G%33GX ^`^V0(/:<<<</< `` C(~^^.^^:// /<:V$<(/X//V///</(8^<XC3%3C V%%3g8V `XGg8X//(~<(<< /<<^^^~<:// //<^<C3VB////C<//~/((<<3%%3%3 VCV83G/ `C%G8C/((</(^:<` The substance of the world can only determine a form and not any material properties. For these are first presented by the propositions -- first formed by the configuration of the objects. `.`<g//` `83880/(((:((((^` <XX@^^(C0V:<88//<(V~//~3(<:(%%3G3V ^^/3X//```CG%3g(/////(/(``` <:^(V:C0gX(/V/%/:(CX(//g(/:(33C3C8 `</GXVX` `<^```C/V//:/<(^ (3V<0g//VC <(/X3(<//3<<<<%%%%C% .~/8VXX^ `````3C/V///(X/` ``` (<(/(///<83//(///(/8<<<<%C%GGC `<V%((<<``(<<<^G3XX///VV%%< ~<(//B(//%<<3//<%/:/X<(((3%C3C%C ^<C%((/<.^((((:3%CXVX(%V%XG:</<^ /^<<(<X<C//(/(<V/<<((BC//g((/C:<(<V%8%G3C <(CG/(/<^^((<<<G<(8//<///<///((XGGC%3C (g(~(<G(/(((<V3V//((GgC3%3Roughly speaking: objects are colourless.
ONTOLOGY_AND_WORDS~^^^^^^...//~.``..........``.```````.......^^^^^~~~~~~~< ONTOLOGY_aaaaaaa~^^^^......//^`````````````````````````......^^^^^^~~~~~~< <<<<<<<<~~~~~~^^^^^.......`(/.`````````````````````.//~`......^^^^^^~~~~~~ <~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^........``((` `` `` .3g$@@@$B(<G.....^^^^^^^^~ ~~ONTOLOGY_^^^.^......````(( `3B@@@@@$@@@$B8.......^^^^^~ ~^^^^^^^^^...........````` <( <0@@@@@%VV%@@@@$C<.......^^^^ ^^^^^^.............``````^C8%%CC(~ @$@@@0V((<(/%@@$B~``.......^^ ^...............```````/88gBB000BB3V $@@@Bg00%(gB00@@@@`````.....^ ........``````````````V88@BB033%0$$g( g@@@B0@@%%G@$g@@@@```````.... ...`.`````````````` .3GgB@8Gg8<~/Cg0BTHIS_IS_@@@3C/Gg03/V@$@BGG8883/<... ```````````````` `V8G0B8G388(/CB880MY_WORLD@@@8$8/V3C%C/%B@ONTOLOGY@@@@@ONTOLOGY `````````` ` `GG8g8BCB@GCVC$$gG$@ONTOLOGY@@@@@V80%%BC%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ``````ONTOLOGY____`gg0BB@g/<</gVG(<008G(VG0$@@@@@@@8CV//V8g@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ```` ` .8gBBB$g(^%C/VCG<@$G8.`````````8$gGGG888@@........`<//VV ONTOLOGY <G80B$$0/<%%VVG8/B8gg<` ``` `$@@@V///VV@@@%....```<///V ONTOLOGY /%8gB$@@@BgVVVVCG@Bgg83/` 3$@@@@@@@@(<<(@@@@@@@@@$8(</VVV V8g%8B$@$@$BgVVVC%g@BgB0BgAn_explicit_formal_specification_of `^/gB$B$$$$@@B$$$.^_how_to_represent_the_objects_concepts gB$@@@@@@@@@$@@@@@G@@@$0B$B_and_other_entities_that_are_assumed /g$$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@8_to_exist_in_some_area_of_interest_and 8g$@@@@@$@@@@$@@@@@@@@@@@_the_relationships_that_hold_among_them_ 8B$@@@@@@@@$$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@BONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ /B$@@@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@@@@BB$$$$%g0@B@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$$$@@@@@@@@@@@@$@@@$@@@@8B$(~` `<$$@$B$@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ The logical picture of the facts is the thought.@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@ /%/. ` .^(`.8@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$$@@@@@@@@@@@$@@@@@$@@@@@$@/~ ^^.^`g$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$@@@@@@@@$G@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0<` ^<((//B@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ gB@@@@@@@@@gV$$@$@@@@@@@@@@$$$@(~. `@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@ g$@@@@@@@@@@@@$@@@$@@@@@@@@@@@0^ .``.^@@@@%3@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$@@@@@@@$$@$@@@@@@@@@@@C^<^~~<<< ^//VVGCV@@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@ .^$@@@@@@@$$$$$$$<<(/VV/~~~^~<^<<(~ ```<<<//CG(@g^//@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@ ````%$$$$@$$$@$$/~~~~<<<^^. `^.^(< .(~(<.. `..<////C@@ONTOLOGY@@@@ `````` ``0@@@@@@$$$$$$@ ...``.~<<<//@@@@@@ONTOLOGY gBB@@@@$$$$B@C ` ./^^~~/V/G@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@ @@@@@@$$$$$@@ <///` %/<(<(30@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@ /(8B@@@$@$$$B@@ (V// g3V@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@ G8Vg$g0@@@$$$BB$/ $@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@ /8V<8B$B$g/<` 88 g@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@ /8 88<V(<<B( @@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@ <G G<%B/<<<^0B g@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ```` G 3 0B<<<<<$ @@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@ ``````Only if we could know a priori that a thought is true if its truth was to be recognized from the thought itself (without an object of comparison).~g@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@VCC ``````8 V`g(/(<<<<<<<<0g.` `` .`.~C@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@%CC .....`8 V`gV/((<<<<<<<<g<`` ``.` ^`^<0@@@@@@@@@@@@@@`</@%CC ^.^...8 V`%%((<<<<<<<(////.` ``... `~.~/@@@@@@@@@@@@@@B.(VVCC3 ^^^^^^8 V..gV((<<<((((V~~(((^.`` `.^^^ ^^^<V@@@@@@@@@@@@@@^./VVCC3 VVV3VV8 C`C$B//<<<((/VV~^ (<<~.```..^^^^ <~^<0@@@@@@@@@@@@@@^^VVVC33 VVV3C8g %/V%0////(///C<~. <<<<^..`..^^~~///V^^/@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@^~VVCC3% VVVCg00` %CCC0C///V3VV3%^` <<<<~^.`.<<3^^^~(@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@^<VC333% VVV%gV0^`%3CC80V//C888C%<` <<<<(<(CV~<(V@@@@8@@@@@@@@@@@@~<CC33%% ~(00/<0^`%3C3%BV/////VVg<.` .VCVV(<V3@@@@@0@@@@@@@@@@<~~<CC3%%G </00((0^.088G8g%VVVVVVVB<.` <////V8@@@@@@.@@@@@@@@@@<<<<CC%%%8 </gB((B<V(....0BCVVVVVV@B^ ` ``` /@@@@@@@@0$@@@@@@@@@@<<<(%C3%GG <V0B//$<^G/V((gBCVVVVCC8@@@. `` ~B@@@@@@@@@<0@@@@@@@@@@(((VB%%G88 (V0BV/$/~8/V//B@%CVVV3%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@(V$@@@@@@@@BCCVC0%GG88 /3B$VV$V~gVC//$$%CVVC%GG@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0(/@@@@@@@@@@///GB%G888 V3B$VV$3<gVCV/@$%%%3C88gV@@@@@@@@@$VVV$@8888g
@@@@@@@@@The world is everything that is the case...//~.``.......What is the case, the fact, is the existence of atomic facts._aaaaaaa~^^^^......//he logical picture of the facts is the thought.``````......^^^^^^~~~~~~< <<<<&lThe thought is the significant proposition.......^^^^^^~~~~~~ <~~~~~~~~~^^^Propositions are truth-functions of elementary propositions.
(An elementary proposition is a truth-function of itself.)
Y_^^^.^......````(( `3B@@@@@$@@@$B8.......^^^^^~ ~^The general form of truth-function is: [, , N()]br> ^^^^^^.............``````^C8%%CThis is the general form of proposition. ^...............```````/88gBWhereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent. ........``````````````V88@BB033%0$$g( g@@@B0@@%%G@$g@@@@```````.... ...`.`````````````` .3GgB@8Gg8<~/Cg0BTHIS_IS_@@@3C/Gg03/V@$@BGG8883/<... ```````````````` `V8G0B8G388(/CB880MY_WORLD@@@8$8/V3C%C/%B@ONTOLOGY@@@@@ONTOLOGY `````````` ` `GG8g8BCB@GCVC$$gG$@ONTOLOGY@@@@@V80%%BC%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ``````ONTOLOGY____`gg0BB@g/<</gVG(<008G(VG0$@@@@@@@8CV//V8g@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ```` ` .8gBBB$g(^%C/VCG<@$G8.`````````8$gGGG888@@........`<//VV ONTOLOGY <G80B$$0/<%%VVG8/B8gg<` ``` `$@@@V///VV@@@%....```<///V ONTOLOGY /%8gB$@@@BgVVVVCG@Bgg83/` 3$@@@@@@@@(<<(@@@@@@@@@$8(</VVV V8g%8B$@$@$BgVVVC%g@BgB0BThe world is the totality of facts, not of things. `^/gB$B$$$$@@B$$$.^The world divides into facts. The world is determined by the facts, and by these begin all the facts. /g$$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@8_to_exist_in_some_area_of_interest_and 8g$@@@@@$@@@@$@@@@@@@@@@@_the_relationships_that_hold_among_them_ 8B$@@@@@@@@$$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@BONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ /B$@@@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@@@@BB$$$$%g0@B@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$$$@@@@@@@@@@@@$@@@$@@@@8B$(~` `<$$@$B$@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@BB@@@@@@B80(gg~.(%08$@B$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@ g$$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@$$@@@@@/%/. ` .^(`.8@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$$@@@@@@@@@@@$@@@@@$@@@@@$@/~ ^^.^`g$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$@@@@@@@@$G@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0<` An atomic fact is a combination of objects (entities, things). gB@@@@@@@@@gV$$@$@@@@@@@@@@$$$@(~. `@@@@@@@For the totality of facts determines both what is the case, and also all that is not the case. @@$@@The facts in logical space are the world. g$@@@@@@@$$@$@@@@@@@@@@@C^<^~~<<< ^//VVGCV@@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@ .^$@@@@@@@$$$$$$$<<(/VV/~~~^~<^<<(~ ```<<<//CG(@g^//@@@@@@@For the totality of facts determines both what is the case, and also all that is not the case. `^.^(< .(~(<.. `..<////C@@ONTOLOGY@@@@ ````We make to ourselves pictures of facts. ...``.~<<<//@@@@@@ONTOLOGY gBB@@@@$$$$B@C ` ./^^~~/V/G@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@ @@@@@@$$$$$@@ <///` %/<(<(30@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@ /(8B@@@$@$$$B@@ (V// g3V@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@ G8Vg$g0@@@$$$BB$/ $@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@ /8V<8B$B$g/<` 88 g@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@ /8 88<V(<<B( @@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@ <G G<%B/<<<^0B g@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ```` G 3 0B<<<<<$ @@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@ ``````G V`00<<<<@$ ````~@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@ ``````G V`g/(<<<<<<<< ~<` ` ^`.~g@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@VCC ``````8 V`g(/(<<<<<<<<0g.` `` .`.~C@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@%CC .....`8 V`gV/((<<<<<<<<g<`` ``.` ^`^<0@@@@@@@@@@@@@@`</@%CC ^.^...8 V`%%((<<<<<<<(////.` ``... `~.~/@@@@@@@@@@@@@@B.(VVCC3 ^^^^^^8 V..gV((<<<((((V~~(((^.`` `.^^^ ^^^<V@@@@@@@@@@@@@@^./VVCC3 VVV3VV8 C`C$B//<<<((/VV~^ (<<~.```..^^^^ <~^<0@@@@@@@@@@@@@@^^VVVC33 VVV3C8g %/V%0////(///C<~. <<<<^..`..^^~~///V^^/@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@^~VVCC3% VVVCg00` %CCC0C///V3VV3%^` <<<<~^.`.<<3^^^^<VC333% VVV%gV0^`%3CC80V//C888C%<` <<<<(<(CV~<(V@@@@8@@@@@@@@@@@@~<CC33%% ~(00/<0^`%3C3%BV/////VVg<.` .VCVV(<V3@@@@@0@@@@@@@@@@<~~<CC3%%G </00((0^.088G8g%VVVVVVVB<.` <////V8@@@@@@.@@@@@@@@@@<<<<CC%%%8 </gB((B<V(....0BCVVVVVV@B^ ` ``` /@@@@@@@@0$@@@@@@@@@@<<<(%C3%GG <V0B//$<^G/V((gBCVVVVCC8@@@. `` ~B@@@@@@@@@<0@@@@@@@@@@(((VB%%G88 (V0BV/$/~8/V//B@%CVVV3%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@(V$@@@@@@@@BCCVC0%GG88 In the proposition the thought is expressed perceptibly through the senses. V3B$VV$3<gVCV/@$%%%3C88g@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@(/V@@@@@@@@@$VVV$@8888g
` `
^ ` `(V/(.~( ~ ` `~V8^ ~%(^ We cannot think anything unlogical, for otherwise we should have to think unlogically. </// %/< ^<^.` ` 3:/V^ `/^~ (~<(^ V `(%C `g8C ~~< ~~<~.` G(G^ ^<< `^< ` ^ 3%008Bg0B0 / ` BBB0B0Bg88G%/ For it a thing is not distinguished by anything, I cannot distinguish it -- for otherwise it would be distinguished.
^` ^< :V` `g0000000000BB00 <.`:~^ ^^` <~ `~<<< ` ~^ V/ ^/ `<~<( <^.V<X` ` X0BBC 80$(/< `~<<< The object is simple.$$BB8/X (0$BB$00g0B(VX<(( In the atomic fact objects hang one in another, like the links of a chain.t;< `<<C0g0$$B@$B0B@/808GV@8^ VgX~(BB0B%008<</$%0@g@$0@0@@$$$$$ It is clear that however different from the real one an imagined world may be, it must have something -- a form -- in common with the real world.3@%@@C0$$$@@$@@@@@ /G$%8g@3XCC8/CV `<XVVG <^X/V/V/X%0$0X@$$$B$B@@@$@@ /8@8B3g%3VX// <` ` <X@00$$$B@$@@$ Vg83B%%V :X@%@@$@@@@$% 8V<%//8VXX$$^ <X/B@@@@@@@VGg ``/CG33X/$$ .8GB$8$$@$$@X<~ 8.383G3G3@@ <G0gg$@8$$$$$X%$ .(33G8VXCVX3X </G8g@%@$0G00g0%<<~ < `GCVC ` `XX%/XVg88V0C8G0$0B@(<<~ / VVCV//VXgG83BB@@@$@(<(< The totality of existent atomic facts is the world.; he totality of existent atomic facts also determines which atomic facts do not exist.t; < ` 3 `` 3 VXVV/g8%%30080@$@$(::( ~ <^ ` ~<g%/G3B0%0$B00$Gg/<(< ~ (` ` g388%$0gXg8B$B8$$C((< ^ <` ` ` G8B%C00GC0000 `VC<(( ` . ` ` ` ``^ In propositions thoughts can be so expressed that to the objects of the thoughts correspond the elements of the propositional sign.0$Bg `<<(/< ^ (` ` ` `^ <$g$08$0$0$@0C .~<(// . `^^` ` `^.^^ ($@B0Bg@0$0BB. ^^<(<( <<~<<<` ^/^.`` ^~^ $$$0$g0gBB@B$< <<((X/ ^<~<</` ^<</^~^.` ^^^ X0<$$$$B@@$@$B <<///( <<<(<(` ~<((<^^^^.`^^ ^VV($@@@B$0@@0$ ~://XV `/`` The existence and non-existence of atomic facts is the reality. Objects form the substance of the world. Therefore they cannot be compound.
The substance of the world can only determine a form and not any material properties. For these are first presented by the propositions -- first formed by the configuration of the objects.
(The existence of atomic facts we also call a positive fact, their non-existence a negative fact.)
` <C``. <<<:3~^^^<<<</ 0B8/(X@@@8B@$$/ (<//VC ``:3^^` <<<~<((<< This fixed form consists of the objects. Substance is what exists independently of what is the case. ``X8^^^ /<<<<<((/^ CXB$$B$0 (/@$@$$$@$(` ``V(/XX3 `^/8<~~` ^<^.`8/<~<((/V88( `XB3BG$$B(``X@@@0$@@B^~^^:%XXV3V ^^V%(<<~ <~^<<g//<<<(C30%08@B$8C30G800B08@@B$$@$$@^^^<@@@B@@$B^^^^/VVXX%C (<Vg<<((` :<^^^XX/(<</XV0B0$$@B0080$0@gB0%$@$@@$$@8^^<<@$@$@@@@^^<<VVVV%%C <(C0:(:/``<<<(XCXX/(/C88ggB@$@@@g@0$$@$@@@@@$@$@@g0^~~X@$@@@@@0<^<<~VXV3%%
The totality of true thoughts is a picture of the world.lt;<:&lWe cannot think anything unlogical, for otherwise we should have to think unlogically.<<<<^<<<8 ``````````.````````.^V@G%<^^^~^^<<<<<<<~<<<< (/((/(/(((((<(:::<<<<<<<^^^~% ` `` ` `````/@$80G@$$X8$^^^~<~<~~~<~<^ ((((:((((((:<<(<<<<<~<~<^^^^% ` ` ` ` `<$$8G@@@@@$Gg@(<^^^^^~^^^<~^ <:::<:(<<<<<<<<<<<<^<~<^^^^~% ^@G88@$%3G80@%g$%^^^^^^^^^^~^ <<<<<:<<<<<<<<<<<<<<~~^^^(0@@@@@@V` %088$@B3X/%$@@8@0<^^^^^^^^^^^ ~<<<<<<<<<&~X@@@@@@@@@0@C X08G@$$@@g$$@@g%G<^^^^^^^^^^. <<~^<<<<~~~~~^^^^^^~~</@@B@@gXXX3B@@@%%/<^ `8gG$@$8B0@$0@g00.^.```.^^^^^ ^<<^<^^~^^^^~^^^^^^^<V@@$@@0($/<8$@@@%G%%%V833gggB$%3@$$8G@$03%%G%GGGg0gB% ^~^<^^^~~^^^^^^^^^^^<@@@@@@@%/@%$%0@@@G%%%8%G8%GgG@G@@8%$8@$3G%8%%%%G%%G%8 ^^^^^^^^^^``..^^..^^8@@@$@8X//C(%330@$<^^^^^^^^^$G@@@%%G8@@%G%%G%%%%%%%3G% ^^^^^^^^^`^^^`````^g@@$@@@8(/VVC%3X$@@@^.^`.^^.^^(@@@$0B$@g<<<<<~<<^^/V%33 .^^^^^`^.`.``.```.`<@@@@@@C/X8338BV@@@@^^`^^^^^^^0%B@3X3@B$@<<<<<<~^^/V3CX ^^`^^^^^.``.```^`</@@@8@0@@08V<<V$@@gB@:^^`^^`<@X(XVG3//G$XV/G@3~<^^^/XXV3 `.`...``````.```C^3@@0@@@@@BG0$$@g@@@@@@^^$@(V///VVCVVVVV%X(/X(VVVVX$@gG33 `^````````````^$$@@@@g@8@@@8(((0@@@@@@@@VVXV//X:/(V/(CV/V(//%V///%(///V<G8 .```````````%@@$8$@@@@$8$~ B(/B8$@@@@@XCV/////////VV%V(VC/(((C((/:VXV/(3% `.` ````````$~ ^ @$ ` ^V@$@$@@g<</(/V(X/(/VXC/////(X/X/%/<(~^^/XG ` ` ``` /$ 0< (G%$@@%0@$0<(//<///(///V3<V/XX(((/(/:(<3%/(% Only the proposition has sense; only in the context of a proposition has a name meaning. ($@$%G$0@@BB<3@$0$C08<////((VG<X<(/(//((V<^//V<<<C ` @ 3@08g~%%$@@B@ ^@BGGg0g/(X</XV3VC(/</<((//(/:<<X/<^ $ @@GB0^g8B@@@ (B8B0$((</(/(3(X/X/(<<(<//(~~`.//. @ ` %B$BgB 0B@0@^G@<.`^(g0Bgg(<^V~/</%(/(//:((/<//(/<<(:< @ `%BBB8%.8(@3` .` <<0`<%@V@//<(~X~//C//(:/X(X</^/C<%((V $( g GGg$%%` X/C^ `^<.~3@CG%XX(`<<///V</((/<V//(^</</^< B( ` @ ( G08%8/ / @< ../(V<^B00V/X/((//X/X/CX((((/X<</(~<V(/ $X $ 0 8@gG/ 0:^ `XG3G$/(/V(<3/3C%(/((<<^(%/%<(///// `$ 3 %8$ /<8B83<` .<:/8$V%@XgC/// `^< ^<<(X/.^<</38GBg$G8X^/X/(((<(<^/ `` `` `` /(/<^</<< ^^`^~^(%/(CV^V/~<`</</(V(8 ` ` `` ``%0$8/ ^/ (<^.^<<<~<<%VXX<~<:<<~3/V ` <@@@0 ` (<<<^X<V/$//((<X((/((38@ ` `` ~%@% ~ XXC V<(<<(:@8//(V/<V<(///%3/ `` `` /380G% % ^X X:8GG8<(:(^X^:(/((/X3333 `.`` `C/X8GV0 <3C<(/((XX<<<^:^</(<%%CG `````$<<^^^^^ < V`<:(/VX/G/<</<^^<(%33V `````B G^`^<</ V^:(/GCX/(V//X(/<(/%%3% ```.`.G ``^0(^^^``^ </(V/:((/X(X/(<<(/83%C .`The fixed, the existent and the object are one./(((/(XX/~<</%C%V `^^`^`C ~`3C~~^^^ `^^/gC(C(<%//VX((/V(<(GGG3 .^`^^^C <`%(~<<^^^~` (^` <<</BVC~C/((VV((/(X<((XCGC ^~^^^^V ^`C/<<^^<^^^^^^G<^```^^ <^(/BXX((/VXX/(/X/^^X%CC3C ^^^^^^X ^`<(<(<<<^^^~<<((<^````^< ~~(X@V/(/(X(/X//(X^~/V3%3C ^^~^<~V ^`^B(<:<<~<<<^~ `(<^````^<( <<X8G(V//(/X/V(^(3^~XVG83C ~(<<<<V ^^^/V/<<:<<(~</ ` X<^^^^`~((` `<(VgX//VV(X(V(///8<^V3%3%C 3G%33GX ^`^V0(/:<<<</< `` C(~^^.^^:// /<:V$<(/X//V///</(8^<XC3%3C V%%3g8V `XGg8X//(~<(<< It is form and content. Only if there are objects can there be a fixed form of the world. /<<^^^/<^~~<<Cg(Xg/<<<//(<(/(:<(%%%G3C `.`<g//` `83880/(((:((((^` It is clear that however different from the real one an imagined world may be, it must have something -- a form -- in common with the real world. ^^/3X//```CG%3g(/////(/(``` <:^(V:C0gX(/V/%/:(CX(//g(/:(33C3C8 `</GXVX` `<^```C/V//:/<(^ (3V<0g//VC <(/X3(<//3<<<<%%%%C% .~/8VXX^ `````3C/V///(X/` ``` (<(/(///<83//(///(/8<<<<%C%GGC `<V%((<<``(<<<^G3XX///VV%%< ~<(//B(//%<<3//<%/:/X<(((3%C3C%C ^<C%((/<.^((((:3%CXVX(%V%XG:</<^ /^<<(<X<C//(/(<V/<<((BC//g((/C:<(<V%8%G3C <(CG/(/<^^((<<<GXCXX/X/XC3%((<X(~<//C////%/</((CV<C<<(8//<///<///((XGGC%3C (XC%CXV/^^(/(/VVCVV/VVVV%G%((<<^V<((X(%<(g(</</<<g(~(<G(/(((<V3V//((GgC3%3
Ontology is the theory of objects and their ties. existent and non-existent,
The unfolding of ontology provides criteria
for distinguishing various types of objects (concrete and abstract,
real and ideal, independent and dependent)
and their ties (relations, dependences and predication).
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ The thought contains the possibility of the state of affairs which it thinks.
What is thinkable is also possible.
"An atomic fact is thinkable" -- means: we can imagine it.@@@@@@@@@@@@
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The totality of true thoughts is a picture of the world.
The picture has the logical form of representation in common with what it pictures.__________________next | back
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The totality of true thoughts is a picture of the world.
The picture has the logical form of representation in common with what it pictures.__________________next | back
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